Is hemorrhagic fever contagious?

When it comes to the disease of hemorrhagic fever, I believe everyone will not feel unfamiliar with it, but rather is already very familiar with it. In fact, hemorrhagic fever is one of the most harmful diseases. In addition, there are symptoms and manifestations such as fever, bleeding and even kidney damage. Therefore, if you have hemorrhagic fever, you must go to the hospital for treatment in time to prevent the disease from getting worse. So is hemorrhagic fever contagious? How is it transmitted?

In fact, the main cause of hemorrhagic fever is related to animals such as mice, and the infected people are mainly young and middle-aged people, and they also have symptoms such as headache, back pain, cough, etc., which are very similar to the symptoms of common cold. So is hemorrhagic fever contagious?

Is hemorrhagic fever contagious?

Hemorrhagic fever is an important infectious disease that endangers human health. Epidemic hemorrhagic fever, also known as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, is a natural epidemic disease caused by the epidemic hemorrhagic fever virus and with rodents as the main source of infection. Its main clinical features are fever, bleeding tendency and kidney damage.

Causes

1. Host animals and sources of infection: mainly small rodents, including rats. 2. Transmission route: The main transmission is animal-borne. The virus can be excreted through the blood, saliva, urine and feces of the host animal. Direct transmission from rats to humans is an important route of human infection. 3. Population susceptibility: It is generally believed that the general population is susceptible, the latent infection rate is low, the incidence rate is generally high in young and middle-aged people, and secondary infection is rare.

Clinical manifestations: The incubation period of hemorrhagic fever is generally 2 to 3 weeks. The onset is acute, with symptoms including fever (38-40℃), three pains (headache, back pain, orbital pain), nausea, vomiting, chest tightness, abdominal pain, diarrhea, joint pain all over the body, three reds of the skin and mucous membranes (redness of the face, neck and upper chest), conjunctival congestion, and in severe cases, the patient looks like being drunk. Bleeding spots or ecchymosis of varying sizes may appear on the oral mucosa, chest, back, and armpits, or they may be cord-like or scratch-like. As the disease progresses, the patient's fever subsides, but the symptoms become worse, followed by symptoms such as hypotension, shock, oliguria, anuria and severe bleeding. Typical hemorrhagic fever generally has five stages: fever, hypotension, oliguria, polyuria and recovery. If not handled properly, the mortality rate is very high. Therefore, the "four early and one immediate" approach should be implemented for patients, namely early detection, early diagnosis, early rest, early treatment, and treatment nearby to reduce transportation. The early symptoms of hemorrhagic fever are mainly fever, headache, back pain, sore throat, cough, runny nose, etc., which are easily confused with colds, resulting in misdiagnosis and delayed disease treatment. Many patients are misdiagnosed as acute nephritis or urinary tract infection due to symptoms such as fever, headache, oliguria, edema, etc.; some patients may have symptoms such as nausea, vomiting or diarrhea and are misdiagnosed as acute gastroenteritis; a small number of patients have symptoms of fever, chills, headache, fatigue, bleeding spots on the skin and mucous membranes, or increased white blood cell count, which are very similar to sepsis.

examine

(I) Routine examination: 1. Blood picture: changes in different stages of the disease, which is important for diagnosis and prognosis. (1) The total white blood cell count is normal or low in the early stage, but increases significantly after 3 to 4 days, mostly at (15 to 30)×109/L. The neutrophil count shifts significantly to the left, and immature cells may appear. In severe and critical cases, metamyelocytes, mesomyelocytes, and even promyelocytes may appear, presenting a leukemoid reaction. Atypical lymphocytes may appear within 1 to 2 days of illness and increase day by day, generally accounting for 10 to 20%, and some reaching more than 30%, which is of reference value for diagnosis. (2) Red blood cells and hemoglobin begin to rise during the fever period, gradually increase during the hypotension period, increase significantly in patients in the shock period, and at least decrease during the urine period. Their dynamic changes can serve as an important indicator for judging blood concentration and blood dilution. (3) Platelet count decreases to varying degrees throughout the course of the disease, starting on day 2 of illness. Platelet counts are lowest during the hypotension and oliguria phases, with the appearance of atypical and megakaryotic platelets. Platelet counts recover only in the late polyuria phase. A marked decrease in platelets is a characteristic manifestation of this disease. The reason for the rapid decline, in addition to direct viral damage, suggests the presence of DIC. 2. Urinalysis: Significant urine protein is an important feature of this disease and is also the earliest manifestation of kidney damage. Its main characteristics are: early onset, rapid progression and long duration. Protein usually begins to appear in the urine on the 2nd to 3rd day of illness and develops rapidly, suddenly increasing from "+" to "+++" or "++++" within 1 day. The urine reaches its peak during the oliguria phase and then gradually decreases. Red blood cells, casts, or membranous substances (a mixed aggregate of blood clots, proteins, and necrotic and desquamated epithelial cells) may also be present in the urine. Therefore, it is important to emphasize that multiple urine tests will aid in diagnosis.

(ii) Blood biochemical examination: 1. Urea nitrogen and creatinine: mild to moderate increase during the hypotensive shock period. It reaches its peak during the oliguria phase and the polyuria phase, and then gradually decreases. The degree and amplitude of the increase are directly proportional to the condition. 2. Carbon dioxide binding capacity: It decreases in the later stage of fever, is obvious in the hypotension shock period, also decreases in the oliguria period, and gradually returns to normal in the polyuria period. 3. Electrolytes: Blood potassium may decrease during the fever period, remain low during the shock period, rise to hyperkalemia during the oliguria period, and decrease again during the polyuria period. However, some people may also suffer from hypokalemia during the oliguria period. Serum sodium and chloride levels decrease throughout the course of the disease, most significantly during the shock and oliguria stages. Blood calcium levels are often reduced throughout the course of the disease.

(III) Coagulation function test: Generally, platelets are decreased. Those with DIC will initially enter the hypercoagulation stage and the coagulation time will be shortened, but the time is short and difficult to observe. It then turns into a hypocoagulable phase and secondary hyperfibrinolysis. The hypocoagulation stage is characterized by massive consumption of coagulation factors, decreased platelets, prolonged prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times, and decreased fibrinogen. Secondary hyperfibrinolysis is manifested by prolonged thrombin clotting time, increased fibrin degradation products and shortened euglobulin lysis time. A positive plasma protamine paracoagulation test (3P test) indicates the presence of fibrin monomers, proving the presence of more thrombin and fibrinolysis.

(IV) Immune function examination: Immune function abnormalities are common. Cellular immune function is generally low in the acute phase, especially in the shock phase. The degree of decline is parallel to the severity of the disease, and gradually recovers in the polyuria phase. During the course of EHF patients, there are abnormalities in the number and function of regulatory T cells, which are manifested by a significant decrease in the activity of spontaneous suppressor T cells (STs) at the beginning of the disease, an increase in the percentage of CD8 cells, an inverted CD4/CD8 ratio, and the increased CD8 cells are cytotoxic T cells. Serum immunoglobulin determination showed increased IgM and IgA, especially IgM in the early stages. Complement levels decrease in the acute phase. The levels of serum total complement and complement C3 and C4 begin to decrease during the fever period, especially during the hypotension and oliguria periods, and are significantly reduced in critically ill patients. The detection rate of immune complexes increases, and circulating immune complexes appear at an early stage. Electron microscopy or immunofluorescence examination of renal tissue shows immune complex deposition in the glomerular basement membrane.

Diagnosis: Generally, a comprehensive diagnosis is made based on clinical features and laboratory tests, combined with epidemiological data, on the basis of excluding other diseases. It is not difficult to diagnose typical cases, but it is more difficult to diagnose atypical cases in non-epidemic areas, non-epidemic seasons, and must be confirmed by specific serological diagnostic methods.

Treatment: This disease should be treated early. During the fever period, cyclophosphamide or adrenal cortex hormone, salvia miltiorrhiza injection, etc. can be used. Blood volume should be replenished when hypotensive shock occurs. If there is oliguria, diuretics (such as furosemide, etc.) can be injected intravenously. People with anuria can take 250 ml of 20% mannitol orally. If the effect is not obvious, 40 ml of 50% magnesium sulfate can be added once a day. In case of polyuria, adequate fluid and electrolytes (potassium salts) should be supplemented, mainly orally. After entering the recovery period, you should rest for 1 to 2 months and gradually increase physical labor.

Prevention: Rat extermination is the key to eliminating this disease.

After reading the detailed answer to the question of whether hemorrhagic fever is contagious, I believe everyone has a general understanding of it. Diseases such as hemorrhagic fever are indeed contagious. In addition, the symptoms in the early stages of the disease are very similar to those of a cold, so many people tend to ignore these symptoms. Therefore, if you have the misfortune of coming into contact with the feces and blood of animals such as mice, and have symptoms suspected of a cold, you should go to the hospital for medical treatment and examination in time. I wish you all a speedy recovery and a healthy body!