What are the examination items for bladder cancer bone metastasis

Bladder cancer refers to a malignant tumor that occurs on the bladder mucosa. It is the most common malignant tumor of the urinary system and one of the top ten common tumors in the body. It ranks first in the incidence of genitourinary tumors in my country, and second in the West after prostate cancer. In 2012, the incidence of bladder cancer in the national tumor registration area was 6.61/100,000, ranking ninth in the incidence of malignant tumors. There are six common examination methods:

① X-ray examination: This method is the most commonly used method for bone examination, but it is difficult to diagnose bone metastasis in the early stage. Generally, only when the bone is destroyed by the tumor to more than 1 cm and the bone decalcification reaches 50% to 70%, can X-rays be observed to show signs such as localized bone density reduction, blurred or disappeared trabeculae. If the tumor has invaded the surrounding cartilage tissue, X-rays can be observed to show late signs such as local soft tissue mass.
②Isotope bone scan: It is one of the highly sensitive examination methods to check whether bones have been invaded by cancer. Studies have shown that isotope bone scan can detect cancer bone metastasis six months before X-rays can detect the lesion.
③ CT examination: This method allows doctors to clearly observe the damage of cancer to bones. For example, when malignant tumors of the lungs, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract metastasize to bones, they can cause osteolytic bone changes; while when malignant tumors from the breast and prostate metastasize to bones, they mostly cause osteoblastic bone changes.
④ Magnetic resonance imaging: This examination method can observe the extent to which the spine, spinal cord, nerves and soft tissues are damaged by cancer, and its diagnostic accuracy for bone metastasis is over 90%.
⑤PET (positron emission tomography) examination: This examination method can observe tiny lesions that are difficult to detect with general imaging examination methods.
⑥ Bone puncture biopsy: This method can clearly diagnose the pathological type of bone metastasis cancer, which is of great significance in guiding the treatment of the disease.