What exactly causes endometrial cancer?

1. The cause of endometrial cancer is not clear at present. Clinically, endometrial cancer is usually divided into two types. The first type is estrogen-dependent, which may occur under the long-term action of estrogen without progesterone antagonism, resulting in endometrial hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia, and ultimately cancer.

2. Endometrial hyperplasia is mainly divided into two categories: non-atypical hyperplasia and atypical hyperplasia. The former is a benign lesion, and the latter is a precancerous lesion that may develop into cancer.

3. The first type of endometrial cancer is more common, all of which are endometrial adenocarcinoma. Patients are relatively young and often have obesity, hypertension, diabetes, infertility or infertility, delayed menopause, or anovulatory diseases, functional ovarian tumors, or a history of long-term use of single estrogen or tamoxifen. The tumor is well differentiated, with a high rate of estrogen and progesterone receptor positivity and a higher prognosis.

4. PTEN gene inactivation and microsatellite instability are common molecular events. Type II endometrial cancer is a non-estrogen-dependent tumor, and its onset is not significantly associated with estrogen. The pathological morphology of this type of endometrial cancer belongs to a rare type, such as endometrial serous carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, etc. It is more common in elderly women, and around the lesions may be atrophic endometrium. The tumor is highly malignant and poorly differentiated. Estrogen and progesterone receptors are generally negative or low expression, and the prognosis is poor. P53 gene mutation and HER2 gene overexpression are common molecular events.