What are the symptoms of bronchial bleeding?

The bronchi are an important component of our respiratory system. If bleeding occurs in the bronchi, the patient may cough up blood. When bronchial bleeding occurs, the patient needs to remain calm and get adequate rest. If bleeding continues, medical treatment should be sought promptly to avoid shock, which can be life-threatening.

Treatment principles include : treating the primary disease, stopping bleeding, preventing complications, and maintaining the patient's vital functions.

1. Sedation and rest: Small amounts of hemoptysis do not require special treatment, only rest and symptomatic treatment. Patients with moderate or above hemoptysis need to rest in bed, lying on the affected side or supinely. For those who are nervous, fearful and anxious, their concerns should be relieved and a small amount of sedatives can be given if necessary. Patients with severe hemoptysis due to severe coughing may be given appropriate antitussive drugs, but morphine is prohibited to avoid suffocation caused by excessive suppression of cough.

2. Strengthen nursing care and close observation: For patients with moderate or above hemoptysis, blood pressure, pulse and respiration should be measured regularly. Encourage the patient to cough gently to cough out the blood to prevent it from being retained in the respiratory tract. Keep the respiratory tract open and the bowel movements smooth.

3. Patients with severe hemoptysis should have their veins opened, blood prepared, and blood volume replenished if necessary.

4. Application of hemostatic drugs:

⑴ Posterior pituitary hormone: It can constrict pulmonary arterioles, reduce local blood flow, cause thrombosis and stop bleeding.

⑵Phentolamine: Stops bleeding by directly dilating vascular smooth muscle and reducing pulmonary arteriovenous pressure.

⑶Procaine: has vasodilation and sedative effects.

⑷Hemostatic drugs:

6-Aminocaproic acid: inhibits the activation of plasminogen into plasmin, thereby inhibiting fibrinolysis.

Ethamdiol (hemostatic): enhances platelet and capillary function.

Antenoxin (Anluoxue): Enhances the resistance of capillaries to damage.

Vitamin K: Promotes the synthesis of prothrombin in the liver and promotes blood coagulation.

Fibrinogen: It can form many fibrin monomers under the action of thrombin, which in turn form fibrin under the action of coagulation factor XII to promote hemostasis.

Yunnan Baiyao: 0.3~0.5g, orally 3 times a day.

⑸ Glucocorticoids: have nonspecific anti-inflammatory effects, reduce vascular permeability, and can be used in small amounts for a short period of time.

5. Bronchoscopy hemostasis: For patients who fail to respond to drug treatment, rigid bronchoscope can be used to remove blood and stop bleeding.

Cold saline lavage: 500 ml of 4°C cold saline plus 5 mg of epinephrine was injected into the bleeding lung segment in several times, and then aspirated after staying for 1 minute.

Balloon catheter hemostasis: The balloon blocks the bleeding bronchus, compresses and stops bleeding, and prevents suffocation. After 24 hours, relax the balloon and observe for a few hours until there is no bleeding before removing the tube.

Laser cryotherapy.

6. Bronchial artery embolization.

7. Surgical treatment.

8. Treatment of massive hemoptysis and asphyxia.

Symptoms of suffocation: The patient suddenly feels unbearable chest tightness, irritability, pale or cyanotic complexion, sudden cessation of hemoptysis, difficulty breathing, and loss of consciousness.

Treatment: Keep the airway open, keep the feet elevated and the head down, and pat the back; use a mouth opener to open the mouth, pull out the tongue, quickly clear the blood in the mouth and throat, intubate or make an incision, inhale oxygen, and use respiratory stimulants appropriately.