human papillomavirus hpvdna

There are many hereditary diseases in people's daily lives, such as human papillomavirus. This is a relatively common infectious virus that poses a great threat to people's daily lives. At that time, many people in society did not understand the human papillomavirus, let alone the harm it caused. But in fact, it is highly contagious and can be transmitted through inadvertent communication or sexual behavior. Below is a detailed description of the virus shown in Figure Liu. I hope it can help everyone understand this virus. And take corresponding avoidance measures.

Human papillomavirus is a genus of papillomavirus A belonging to the family Papovaviridae. It is a spherical DNA virus that can cause proliferation of the squamous epithelium of the human skin and mucous membranes. It manifests as symptoms such as common warts and genital warts (condyloma acuminatum). With the rapid increase in the incidence of genital warts among sexually transmitted diseases and the increase in cervical cancer and anal cancer, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has attracted more and more attention.

Infection route

1. Sexual transmission;

2. Close contact;

3. Indirect contact: through contact with the infected person's clothing, daily necessities, utensils, etc.;

4. Nosocomial infection: Medical staff fail to provide adequate protection during treatment and care, resulting in self-infection or transmission of the infection to patients through medical staff;

5. Mother-to-child transmission: It is transmitted through close contact between the baby and the pregnant woman’s birth canal. [3]

Clinical manifestations

Low-risk HPV infection

1. Benign skin manifestations

(1) Common warts: Papules the size of rice grains, with obvious keratinization on the surface, rough and uneven, thorn-like tips, and hard texture. The lesions may be single or multiple, and may gradually increase in number through self-inoculation. Mostly occurs in the hands, feet, etc.

(2) Diseases manifesting in special parts of the body:

Periungual warts: occur around the fingernails and toenails, and are characterized by thickening and keratinization under the nail.

Plantar warts: occur on the soles of the feet, and bleeding spots and black spots can be seen on the surface of the lesions due to pressure.

Filiform warts: multiple, soft, thread-like warts that occur on the neck and eyelids

Flat warts: They mostly occur on the face and are also common on the trunk. They are mostly flat papules 2-5mm in size, skin color or light brown, with a smooth surface, and are round or quasi-round. They are occasionally scratched due to itching, forming autoinoculation, or implanted along the surface of skin damage.

2. Benign manifestations of external genital diseases

(1) Genital warts (condyloma acuminatum): There are three states: typical manifestations, subclinical infection, and latent infection.

(a) Typical manifestations: Typical skin lesions visible to the naked eye: papilloma-like, cauliflower-like, granular, cockscomb-like, etc.

(b) Subclinical manifestations are difficult to identify with the naked eye and can only be observed with the help of a magnifying glass or acetowhite test. Histological and cytological tests show typical HPV pathological changes;

(c) Latent infection is when HPV enters the cells of the skin and mucous membranes and does not cause any clinical manifestations or histological abnormalities, but can be detected in the cells of the skin and mucous membranes through molecular biological methods, nucleic acid hybridization, etc.

Prone areas: Female vulva, vagina, cervix, around the anus, inside the anal canal, and urethral opening; male vulva, penis, testicular surface, urethral opening, around the anus, inside the anal canal, etc.

Rare locations: armpits, navel, between toes, under breasts, etc.

(2) Special areas: wart-like lesions on the surface of the oral mucosa, recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, etc.

High-risk HPV infection

1. Skin manifestations

There is information showing that epithelial tumors of the skin, such as Bowen's disease, basal cell carcinoma, Paget's disease, and squamous cell carcinoma, are also related to this type of viral infection.

2. Mucosal manifestations

Cervical cancer, anal canal cancer, tonsil cancer, oral cancer, laryngeal cancer, nasal cancer, esophageal cancer, etc.

Treatment

(1) Physical therapy: The purpose is to remove visible tumors and subclinical infections

Methods include: laser, microwave, freezing, electrocautery, surgical resection (LEEP knife for gynecology, etc.), photodynamic therapy, etc.

(2) Drug treatment: 0.5% podophyllotoxin tincture, 5% imiquimod, 50% trichloroacetic acid, fluorouracil ointment, etc.

(3) Immunotherapy aims to reduce recurrence and accelerate the clearance of lesions. Drugs include: interferon, interleukin, thymosin, transfer factor, BCG, isotretinoin, autologous vaccines, etc.

(4) Therapeutic vaccines: There is currently no effective therapeutic vaccine.