Does the flu vaccine work?

Everyone should be familiar with the flu vaccine. Every time the flu season comes, there will always be people who get this vaccine, so that they can achieve the anti-influenza effect. However, this situation is not 100% effective for everyone. Some people will still get the flu after the injection. Once diagnosed, it can only be treated with anti-influenza virus drugs to avoid recurrence.

Antiviral influenza drug treatment

Start anti-influenza virus drug treatment as soon as possible within 36 or 48 hours of onset of illness. Although some data suggest that neuraminidase inhibitors may be effective when used 48 hours after onset, most studies have shown that early treatment is more effective.

Indications

(1) Recommended use:

① All adults and children with laboratory confirmed or highly suspected influenza who have high risk factors for complications should be treated within 48 hours of onset, regardless of underlying disease, influenza vaccine immunization status, and severity of influenza illness.

② For adult and pediatric patients with laboratory confirmed or highly suspected influenza and who require hospitalization, regardless of underlying diseases or influenza vaccine immunity status, if the influenza virus test is positive 48 hours after onset, antiviral drug treatment is also recommended.

(2) Consider using:

① Adult and pediatric influenza outpatients who are clinically suspected of having high-risk factors for complications of influenza, whose condition has not improved for more than 48 hours after onset, and whose specimens test positive after 48 hours.

② Patients with highly clinically suspected or laboratory-confirmed influenza, no risk factors for complications, and who have been ill for 48 hours can also benefit from antiviral treatment, but its safety and efficacy have not been evaluated in prospective studies.

Specific drugs

(1) Neuraminidase inhibitors: The mechanism of action is to prevent the virus from being released from infected cells and invading adjacent cells, thereby reducing the replication of the virus in the body. They are active against both influenza A and B. There are two varieties on the market in my country, namely oseltamivir and zanamivir (see Table 1 for specific therapeutic or preventive doses). A large number of clinical studies have shown that neuraminidase inhibitor treatment can effectively relieve symptoms of influenza patients, shorten the course of the disease and hospitalization, reduce complications, save medical expenses, and may reduce mortality in certain populations, especially when used early within 48 hours of onset.

Oseltamivir is an oral formulation approved for use in children > 1 year old and adults, and children 5 years (UK) or 7 years (US) and adults, and controlled studies have shown no difference in efficacy between it and oseltamivir. It may occasionally cause bronchospasm and allergic reactions, so patients with underlying diseases such as asthma should use it with caution. Other adverse reactions are rare.

(2) M2 ion channel blockers: block the ion channel of influenza virus M2 protein, thereby inhibiting viral replication, but only have an inhibitory effect on influenza A virus. There are two varieties: Amantadine and Rimantadine (see Table 1 for specific therapeutic or preventive doses). Adverse reactions of the nervous system include nervousness, anxiety, inattention and mild headache, which are more common with adamantane; gastrointestinal reactions include nausea and vomiting, which are mostly mild and disappear quickly after stopping the drug. These two drugs are prone to drug resistance

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